The Unassuming Economist

From a paper by Xuecheng Fan, Zeshui Xu, Marinko Skare & Xinxin Wang:

“This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on unemployment dynamics, focusing on youth unemployment and gender-specific disparities across 20 European countries from 2013 to 2022. Using a panel structural vector autoregressive (PSVAR) model, the study analyzes the effects of the pandemic on total unemployment, youth unemployment (ages 15–24), and gender differences in unemployment rates. The results reveal that youth unemployment was disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 shock, with significant increases observed in countries with high pre-pandemic unemployment rates, such as Greece and Spain. Additionally, gender inequality in unemployment rates was exacerbated, particularly in countries like Greece, where women consistently faced higher unemployment rates than men throughout the observed period. The study also highlights the significant role of excess mortality during the pandemic, with countries experiencing higher COVID-19 mortality rates, such as Italy and Spain, also showing higher unemployment rates. These findings contribute to the understanding of how economic shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbate the existing labor market inequalities, particularly for vulnerable demographic groups such as youth and women. The study calls for targeted policy interventions to address these disparities and promote a more inclusive recovery.”

From a paper by Thanh Nguyen, Son Nghiem, and Anh-Tuan Doan:

“The convergence tests showed no overall convergence but revealed convergence clubs for each factor. Granger causality tests indicated short-run bi-directional relationships between the variables. Long-run panel regression analysis confirmed that technological progress significantly improves per capita income and energy diversification. Additionally, it revealed bi-directional relationships between energy diversification and financial development, a uni-directional relationship from financial development to per capita income and a U-shaped effect of per capita income on energy diversification, with a turning point at $67,112.8 per year.”

From a paper by Luca Agnello & Pietro Pizzuto:

“In this paper we investigate the role of EU Structural and Investment Funds in affecting the dynamic impact of regional fiscal consolidation on regional income inequality. Relying on a panel of 162 NUTS-2 regions of twelve European countries, we find that regional spending cuts increase regional inequality in the medium-term, with the effects surviving to a large battery of robustness checks. The uneven distributional impact of regional austerity measures is however cushioned by larger EU funds expenditures, especially through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), with the effect magnified during periods of recession and when the regional quality of government is higher.”

From a paper by Ge Zhai, Maoxin Zhang, Yihua Hu, Yuwei Chen, Cifang Wu, Youpeng Lu, Tingting He:

“Rapid urbanization in China has driven significant economic growth, but the urban-rural economic disparity (URED) continues to widen. This growing disparity impacts domestic productivity, consumer demand, rural stability, and the achievement of common prosperity. To address this issue and promote sustainable development, understanding the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of URED is essential. This study employs nighttime lighting (NTL) data to analyse URED changes in 36 Chinese metropolitans at three scales. The study results show that: (1) From 2000 and 2022, both the economic volume and area of the study regions grew more than fivefold, but the economic gap between urban and rural areas significantly widened. (2) Economic growth in Predominantly Urban regions has escaped area constraints, while other regions still rely on spatial expansion. (3) URED has shown a steady increase, with higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest. (4) Differences in policy implementation and geographic location strongly influence URED. The study confirms the effectiveness of NTL data in capturing urban-rural economic dynamics and the reliability of spatial entropy in measuring URED. Future research will further explore NTL data patterns and integrate additional urban attributes to provide deeper insights into URED.”

From a paper by Frederic S. Mishkin and Michael Kiley:

“Since the initial launch of inflation targeting in the early 1990s in New Zealand and a few other countries, inflation targeting has become the predominant monetary policy strategy in large advanced and emerging market economies. Inflation targeting has been remarkably successful in anchoring inflation, likely owing to core elements of the framework across central banks. Its reaction process, which adjusts the monetary policy stance to ensure the return of inflation to target, allows it to flexibly incorporate a wide range of factors while limiting the discretionary biases that can contribute to excessive inflation. The emphasis on communications about the inflation outlook promotes transparency and accountability. As a result, inflation targeting central banks have, on balance, managed well the large shocks associated with the Global Financial Crisis and COVID. Even so, there are numerous challenges discussed in this paper that are associated with calibration and communications of forward guidance, quantitative easing/tightening, and financial stability.”