The Unassuming Economist

With oil prices back above $100 a barrel, declarations of “energy independence” are back in the news. But a more reliable path to energy security lies in continuing to depend on the benefits conferred by global energy markets, while reducing reliance on any one form of energy or on any one energy supplier. And indeed, since the oil shocks of the 1970s, the actions of millions of consumers and producers have enhanced energy security in precisely this way. Read the full story on the USAEE (United States Association for Energy Economics) site.

Nobody needs to remind Jeanne Hime what hard times look like. After 30 years as a union electrician, Hime watched her hometown manufacturing plant close down, disrupting the lives of hundreds of working families in Darke County, Ohio. “These weren’t people who could just pick up and find a job somewhere else,” says Hime. “They had lifetime roots in the community and didn’t want to leave.” Now retired and living in Mount Horeb, Hime isn’t confident the good factory jobs will ever return.  And she takes exception to those who dismiss the current unemployment situation as simply a cyclical turn of the economy. “People like me have been burned too many times,” she says. “Why should they believe anything is going to change?” Hime’s comments Thursday were directed at a panel of national economic researchers on the University of Wisconsin-Madison  campus during a conference titled “Long-Term Unemployment in Industrial Countries: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses.” Co-hosted by the La Follette School of Public Affairs, the discussion centered on whether the surge in joblessness both in the  U.S. and Europe is the result of the recession or a sign of a deeper structural problem. Although the recession — defined by economists as a drop in gross domestic product over two consecutive quarters — has officially ended, the jobs recovery has been tepid at best. While a 5 percent unemployment rate is considered normal, unemployment in the U.S. remains near 9 percent. It’s even  higher in Spain (20.4%), Ireland (14.6%) and Greece (14.2%), countries all hit hard by the global financial crisis. The problem is that the longer people stay out of work, the harder it is for them to find a job. For older employees, their skills  deteriorate and if they do return to the workforce it’s usually at much lower pay. “The longer you fail to address cyclical unemployment the more it becomes structural,” says Prakash Loungani, an advisor to the International Monetary Fund in Washington D.C. Read full story here. 

I’m presenting some new work on unemployment at a conference at the University of Wisconsin this morning. I provide cross-country evidence on the relative importance of cyclical and structural factors in explaining unemployment, including the sharp rise in U.S. long-term unemployment during the Great Recession of 2007-09. About 75% of unemployment is accounted for by cyclical factors-real GDP changes (“Okun’s Law”), monetary and fiscal policies, and the uncertainty effects emphasized by Nick Bloom (Econometrica, 2009). Structural factors, which I measure using industry-level stock returns, account for the remaining 25 percent. For U.S. long-term unemployment the split between cyclical and structural factors is closer to 60-40, including during the Great Recession. Here’s my paper on cyclical and structural sources of unemployment and two related presentation slides (one and two).

Today, the La Follette School and the University of Wisconsin Center for World Affairs and the Global Economy is holding a conference on “Long term unemployment in industrial countries: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses“. Read this Econbrowser post for the agenda and materials.

British economist Guy Standing has a new book on the Precariat, people living and working precariously in short-term jobs without benefits or social protections. Standing says that a way to a better society would be to have an unconditional basic income for everyone, contributed by the state, augmented through employment. A basic income would allow people to gain control over their time rather than rush feverishly from activity to activity. We would enjoy leisure. Hence my rallying cry “Shirkers of the World, Unite!” when I discussed Standing’s work yesterday at an event at Economic Policy Institute (EPI). Larry Mishel, EPI’s President introduced the event, which also featured noted labor scholars Heidi Hartmann and Eileen Appelbaum. Guy Standing’s previous book, Work After Globalization, has fascinating material—I heartily recommend it. It’s what I thought economics would be all about when I signed up for it some thirty years ago.