The Unassuming Economist

From a paper by Franziska Ohnsorge, Richard Rogerson, and Zoe Leiyu Xiea:

“Analyses of GDP per capita differences across countries focus almost exclusively on differences in productivity. This paper shows that there are also large differences in medium-run dynamics in the employment-to-population ratio. The paper finds a general tendency for productivity growth to be negatively correlated with changes in the employment to population ratio for a large sample of EMDEs—a phenomenon described using the term jobless development in this paper. The paper also shows that there are large differences in the steady state levels of the employment to population ratios that countries are converging to. There are also countries that experience substantial increases in their employment-to-population ratio during the development process. Using a two-stage procedure, the paper studies this issue in a large sample of EMDEs. In the first stage, the paper estimates differences in steady-state employment ratios across countries. In the second stage, it documents which institutional and policy factors are correlated with steady-state employment ratios. The paper finds particularly large differences across countries in steady-state employment ratios for women. Fewer legal protections of women’s rights are associated with lower steady-state employment ratios for women, without an offsetting positive effect for men.

From a paper by Pradyumna Dash, Ankit Kumar, and Chetan Subramanian:

“This study investigates the effects of U.S. monetary policy on income inequality in open economies from 1970 to 2016. We find that a 100-basis-point increase in the federal funds rate leads to a cumulative reduction of about 0.15% in income inequality over three years. Interestingly, we show that the effect of US monetary policy on inequality varies over time. The impact also varies by exchange rate regime: in flexible regimes, the reduction can reach nearly 0.3%, while in pegged regimes, it diminishes to around 0.13%. This impact in pegged regimes is influenced by wage rigidity and labor market regulations in the economy. To explain these results, we develop a two-agent small open economy model that incorporates rigid wages, highlighting the link between monetary policy and inequality dynamics.”

From a paper by Makram El-Shagi, and Steven J. Yamarik:

“This paper examines the impact of Federal Reserve policy on income inequality across US states. We use the local projections method of Jordà to estimate impulse response functions for each state. We find that a restrictive monetary policy increases income inequality in almost all states, but of differing magnitudes. We also use panel analysis to examine the possible transmission mechanisms that account for these differences. Our empirical results confirm the theoretical predictions – inequality is increased by higher inflation, home ownership, and earnings in the finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE) sector; but decreased by higher housing prices, unionization rates, educational attainment and minimum wage.”

From a paper by Martin T. Bohl, Niklas Humann, and Pierre L. Siklos:

“This survey synthesizes evidence on the bidirectional links between commodity markets and monetary policy. On the commodities-to-policy side, we review how shocks to energy, food, and metals pass through to inflation, inflation expectations, economic activity, and financial stability in state-dependent ways that vary by shock type, exposure, and policy regime. We complement the literature with an analysis of central-bank speeches, showing how officials classify commodity shocks and how these framings map into policy stances. On the policy-to-commodities side, we organize evidence on the transmission of monetary policy to commodity markets via financial, real-economy, and expectations channels, highlighting heterogeneity across policy instruments, commodities, and central banks. We emphasize how financialization tightens cross-asset linkages, raises leverage and margin sensitivity, and amplifies discount-rate and risk-taking mechanisms. Overall, commodities are best treated as policy sensitive state variables, not exogenous disturbances, with implications for policy design, central bank communication, and international monetary spillovers.”

From a paper by Sune Karlsson and Pär Österholm:

“In this paper, we analyse whether two key macroeconomic relationships in Australia – Okun’s law
and the Phillips curve – have been stable over time. This is done by estimating hybrid time-varying
parameter Bayesian VAR models using quarterly data from 1978 to 2024. Model comparison based
on marginal likelihoods indicates that Okun’s law has been stable, whereas the Phillips curve has
not. Using the preferred specification of the BVAR for the unemployment rate and inflation, we
also calculate trend values for both variables. The model’s trend unemployment rate at the end of
the sample is approximately five percent; estimated trend inflation at the same point in time is close
to the Reserve Bank of Australia’s inflation target.”